Technically, a talk | Ruby Day 2020

Transcript

1. Technically,
   a Talk
   

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2. Ciao! Sono
   Eileen M. Uchitelle!
   Staff Engineer @GitHub
   Member of Rails Core
   Find me @eileencodes
   

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3. Technically,
   a Talk
   

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4. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #32075
   #32271
   #32396
   #32274
   #33637
   #33770
   #34495 #34969
   #35102
   #35242
   #36560
   #36565
   #36756
   #36770
   #36814
   #37185
   #37182
   #37231
   #37276
   #37277
   #37279
   #37280
   #37695
   #37873
   #37963
   #38008
   #38004
   #34495
   #38536
   #38609
   #32774 #33748 #35479
   #35663
   #36023
   #36039
   #36237 *d83ab
   #36824
   #37223
   #37242
   #37291
   #37230
   #37365
   *48d58
   *0a353
   #35073
   #35130
   #35237
   #36469 #36834
   #36868
   #38042
   #37298
   #37364
   #37368
   #37443
   #38011
   #37280
   #38209
   #33877
   #34052
   #34505
   #34054
   #34491
   #34632
   #34753
   #35042
   #35123
   #35089
   #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
   #37199
   #37503
   #37296
   #37408
   #37622
   #37874
   #38258
   #38339
   #39190
   #38531
   #38580
   #38581
   #38672
   #38670
   #38920
   #38684
   #38770
   

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5. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #38684
   

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6. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #32075
   #32271
   #32396
   #32274
   #33637
   #33770
   #34495 #34969
   #35102
   #35242
   #36560
   #36565
   #36756
   #36770
   #36814
   #37185
   #37182
   #37231
   #37276
   #37277
   #37279
   #37280
   #37695
   #37873
   #37963
   #38008
   #38004
   #34495
   #38536
   #38609
   #37298
   #37364
   #37368
   #37443
   #38011
   #37280
   #38209
   #38670
   #38920
   #38684
   

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7. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #32774 #33748 #35479
   #35663
   #36023
   #36039
   #36237 *d83ab
   #36824
   #37223
   #37242
   #37291
   #37230
   #37365
   *48d58
   *0a353
   #38770
   #32075
   #32271
   #32396
   #32274
   #33637
   #33770
   #34495 #34969
   #35102
   #35242
   #36560
   #36565
   #36756
   #36770
   #36814
   #37185
   #37182
   #37231
   #37276
   #37277
   #37279
   #37280
   #37695
   #37873
   #37963
   #38008
   #38004
   #34495
   #38536
   #38609
   #37298
   #37364
   #37368
   #37443
   #38011
   #37280
   #38209
   #38684
   #38670
   #38920
   

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8. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #32774 #33748 #35479
   #35663
   #36023
   #36039
   #36237 *d83ab
   #36824
   #37223
   #37242
   #37291
   #37230
   #37365
   *48d58
   *0a353
   #33877
   #34052
   #34505
   #34054
   #34491
   #34632
   #34753
   #35042
   #35123
   #35089
   #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
   #37199
   #37503
   #37296
   #37408
   #37622
   #37874
   #38258
   #38339
   #39190
   #38531
   #38580
   #38581
   #38672
   #32075
   #32271
   #32396
   #32274
   #33637
   #33770
   #34495 #34969
   #35102
   #35242
   #36560
   #36565
   #36756
   #36770
   #36814
   #37185
   #37182
   #37231
   #37276
   #37277
   #37279
   #37280
   #37695
   #37873
   #37963
   #38008
   #38004
   #34495
   #38536
   #38609
   #37298
   #37364
   #37368
   #37443
   #38011
   #37280
   #38209
   #38684
   #38670
   #38920
   #38770
   

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9. Jan 18
   Feb 18
   Mar 18
   Apr 18
   May 18
   Jun 18
   Jul 18
   Aug 18
   Sep 18
   Oct 18
   Nov 18
   Dec 18
   Jan 19
   Feb 19
   Mar 19
   Apr 19
   May 19
   Jun 19
   Jul 19
   Aug 19
   Sep 19
   Oct 19
   Nov 19
   Dec 19
   Jan 20
   Feb 20
   Mar 20
   Apr 20
   May 20
   #31727
   #33760 #36439
   #36371
   #36886 #38235
   #38444
   #32075
   #32271
   #32396
   #32274
   #33637
   #33770
   #34495 #34969
   #35102
   #35242
   #36560
   #36565
   #36756
   #36770
   #36814
   #37185
   #37182
   #37231
   #37276
   #37277
   #37279
   #37280
   #37695
   #37873
   #37963
   #38008
   #38004
   #34495
   #38536
   #38609
   #32774 #33748 #35479
   #35663
   #36023
   #36039
   #36237 *d83ab
   #36824
   #37223
   #37242
   #37291
   #37230
   #37365
   *48d58
   *0a353
   #35073
   #35130
   #35237
   #36469 #36834
   #36868
   #38042
   #37298
   #37364
   #37368
   #37443
   #38011
   #37280
   #38209
   #33877
   #34052
   #34505
   #34054
   #34491
   #34632
   #34753
   #35042
   #35123
   #35089
   #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
   #37199
   #37503
   #37296
   #37408
   #37622
   #37874
   #38258
   #38339
   #39190
   #38531
   #38580
   #38684
   #38670
   #38920
   #38770
   #38581
   #38672
   

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10. a
    

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11. What are
    multiple
    databases?
    

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12. Application
    Setup
    
    

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13. Design &
    Architecture
    
    

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14. What are
    multiple
    databases?
    

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15. 
    PRODUCTION
    APPLICATION
    Standard setup
    

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16. 
    APPLICATION
    Horizontal sharding
    ROWS A-I
    ROWS J-R
    ROWS S-Z
    PRODUCTION
    

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17. 
    APPLICATION
    Functional partitioning
    PRODUCTION
    MEALS
    PRODUCTION
    SIDES
    PRODUCTION
    DESSERTS
    

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18. 
    APPLICATION
    Read replicas
    PRODUCTION
    REPLICA 1
    REPLICA 2
    REPLICA 3
    

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19. Application
    Setup
    
    

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20. Recipes Application
    
    APPLICATION
    

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21. 
    APPLICATION
    Recipes Application
    PRIMARY
    

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22. Recipes Application
    MEALS
    
    APPLICATION PRIMARY
    

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23. Recipes Application
    MEALS
    
    APPLICATION PRIMARY
    REPLICA
    REPLICAS
    

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24. development:
    primary:
    database: recipes_development
    primary_replica:
    database: recipes_development
    replica: true
    meals_default:
    database: meals_default_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_default_replica:
    database: meals_default_development
    replica: true
    meals_one:
    database: meals_one_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_one_replica:
    database: meals_one_development
    replica: true
    meals_two:
    database: meals_two_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_two_replica:
    database: meals_two_development
    replica: true
    

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25. class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to database: {
    writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica
    }
    end
    

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26. class MealApplicationRecord < ApplicationRecord
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to shards: {
    default: {
    writing: :meals_default, reading: :meals_default_replica
    },
    shard_one: {
    writing: :meals_one, reading: :meals_one_replica
    }
    shard_two: {
    writing: :meals_two, reading: :meals_two_replica
    }
    }
    end
    

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27. Design &
    Architecture
    
    

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28. Jan 18
    Feb 18
    Mar 18
    Apr 18
    May 18
    Jun 18
    Jul 18
    Aug 18
    Sep 18
    Oct 18
    Nov 18
    Dec 18
    Jan 19
    Feb 19
    Mar 19
    Apr 19
    May 19
    Jun 19
    Jul 19
    Aug 19
    Sep 19
    Oct 19
    Nov 19
    Dec 19
    Jan 20
    Feb 20
    Mar 20
    Apr 20
    May 20
    #31727
    #33760 #36439
    #36371
    #36886 #38235
    #38444
    Migrations
    #38684
    

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29. bin/rails g scaffold DinnerRecipe title:string recipe:text
    --database meals_default
    

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30. development:
    primary:
    database: recipes_development
    primary_replica:
    database: recipes_development
    replica: true
    meals_default:
    database: meals_default_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_default_replica:
    database: meals_default_development
    replica: true
    meals_one:
    database: meals_one_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_one_replica:
    database: meals_one_development
    replica: true
    meals_two:
    database: meals_two_development
    migrations_paths: db/meals_migrate
    meals_two_replica:
    database: meals_two_development
    replica: true
    

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31. View Slide

32. Jan 18
    Feb 18
    Mar 18
    Apr 18
    May 18
    Jun 18
    Jul 18
    Aug 18
    Sep 18
    Oct 18
    Nov 18
    Dec 18
    Jan 19
    Feb 19
    Mar 19
    Apr 19
    May 19
    Jun 19
    Jul 19
    Aug 19
    Sep 19
    Oct 19
    Nov 19
    Dec 19
    Jan 20
    Feb 20
    Mar 20
    Apr 20
    May 20
    #32075
    #32271
    #32396
    #32274
    #33637
    #33770
    #34495 #34969
    #35102
    #35242
    #36560
    #36565
    #36756
    #36770
    #36814
    #37185
    #37182
    #37231
    #37276
    #37277
    #37279
    #37280
    #37695
    #37873
    #37963
    #38008
    #38004
    #34495
    #38536
    #38609
    #37298
    #37364
    #37368
    #37443
    #38011
    #37280
    #38209
    Database Configurations
    #38670
    #38920
    

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33. development:
    database: recipes_development
    test:
    database: recipes_test
    production:
    database: recipes_production
    

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34. {
    "development" => {
    "database" => "recipes_development"
    },
    "test" => {
    "database" => "recipes_test"
    },
    "production" => {
    "database" => "recipes_production"
    }
    }
    

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35. development:
    primary:
    database: recipes_development
    primary_replica:
    database: recipes_development
    replica: true
    test:
    primary:
    database: recipes_test
    primary_replica:
    database: recipes_test
    replica: true
    production:
    primary:
    database: recipes_production
    primary_replica:
    database: recipes_production
    replica: true
    

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36. {
    "development" => {
    "primary" => { "database" => "recipes_development" },
    "primary_replica" => {
    "database" => "recipes_development", "replica" => true
    },
    }
    "test" => {
    "primary" => { "database" => "recipes_test" },
    "primary_replica" => {
    "database" => "recipes_test", "replica" => true
    },
    },
    "production" => {
    "primary" => { "database" => "recipes_production" },
    "primary_replica" => {
    "database" => "recipes_production", "replica" => true
    },
    }
    }
    

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37. Configuration as
    Objects
    

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38. #@env_name = "production",
    @name = "primary",
    @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2",
    :database => "recipes_app_development"
    }
    >
    

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39. DATABASE_URL=
    "postgres://root:pass123@localhost:9000/my_database"
    

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40. DATABASE_URL="postgres://root:pass123@localhost:9000/my_database"
    #@env_name = "production",
    @name = "primary",
    @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "postgres",
    :database => "my_database",
    :host => "localhost",
    :username => "root",
    :password => "pass123"
    },
    @url = "postgres://root:pass123@localhost:9000/my_database"
    >
    

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41. initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    self.connection_handlers = {
    writing_role => ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler
    }
    self.configurations =
    Rails.application.config.database_configuration
    establish_connection
    end
    end
    

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42. def self.configurations=(config)
    @@configurations = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.new(config)
    end
    module ActiveRecord
    class DatabaseConfigurations
    def initialize(configurations = {})
    @configurations = build_configs(configurations)
    end
    end
    end
    

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43. #@configurations=[
    #@env_name = "production",
    @name = "primary",
    @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2",
    :database => "recipes_app_development"
    }
    >,
    #@env_name = "production",
    @name = "meals_one",
    @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2",
    :database => "meals_one_development"
    }
    >
    ]
    >
    

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44. ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: "production"
    )
    

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45. ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: "production"
    )
    #@configurations=[
    #"production", @name = "primary", @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2", :database => "recipes_app_development"
    }>,
    #"production", @name = "meals_one", @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2", :database => "meals_one_development"
    }>,
    #"production", @name = "meals_two", @configuration_hash = {
    :adapter => "mysql2", :database => "meals_two_development"
    }>
    ]
    >
    

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46. ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: "production",
    name: "meals_one"
    )
    

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47. ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: "production",
    name: "meals_one"
    )
    #"production", @name = "meals_one", @configuration_hash = { :adapter
    => "mysql2", :database => "meals_one_development" }>
    

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48. Using Objects
    Everywhere
    

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49. >> db_config.configuration_hash[:database]
    => "meals_one_development"
    

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50. >> db_config.configuration_hash[:database]
    => "meals_one_development"
    >> db_config.database
    => "meals_one_development"
    

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51. { "database" => "recipes_development", "replica" => true
    "adapter" => "mysql2", "reaping_frequency" => 60,
    "username" => "user_ro", "password" => ENV["PASSWORD"]}
    

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52. { "database" => "recipes_development", "replica" => true
    "adapter" => "mysql2", "reaping_frequency" => 60,
    "username" => "user_ro", "password" => ENV["PASSWORD"]...}
    Values Rails Needs
    • database
    • host
    • adapter
    • replica
    • pool
    • reaping_frequency
    • checkout_timeout
    • idle_timeout
    

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53. { "database" => "recipes_development", "replica" => true
    "adapter" => "mysql2", "reaping_frequency" => 60,
    "username" => "user_ro", "password" => ENV["PASSWORD"]...}
    • database
    • host
    • adapter
    • replica
    • pool
    • reaping_frequency
    • checkout_timeout
    • idle_timeout
    • database
    • host
    • username
    • password
    • timeout
    • custom settings
    Values Rails Needs Values Clients Need
    

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54. class HashConfig
    ...
    def checkout_timeout
    (configuration_hash[:checkout_timeout] || 5).to_f
    end
    def reaping_frequency
    configuration_hash.fetch(:reaping_frequency, 60)&.to_f
    end
    def idle_timeout
    timeout = configuration_hash.fetch(:idle_timeout, 300).to_f
    timeout if timeout > 0
    end
    ...
    end
    

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55. - @checkout_timeout =
    (spec.db_config.configuration_hash[:checkout_timeout] &&
    spec.db_config.configuration_hash[:checkout_timeout].to_f) || 5
    - if @idle_timeout =
    spec.db_config.configuration_hash.fetch(:idle_timeout, 300)
    - @idle_timeout = @idle_timeout.to_f
    - @idle_timeout = nil if @idle_timeout <= 0
    - end
    - # default max pool size to 5
    - @size = (spec.db_config.configuration_hash[:pool] &&
    spec.db_config.configuration_hash[:pool].to_i) || 5
    + @checkout_timeout = spec.db_config.checkout_timeout
    + @idle_timeout = spec.db_config.idle_timeout
    + @size = spec.db_config.pool
    

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56. Jan 18
    Feb 18
    Mar 18
    Apr 18
    May 18
    Jun 18
    Jul 18
    Aug 18
    Sep 18
    Oct 18
    Nov 18
    Dec 18
    Jan 19
    Feb 19
    Mar 19
    Apr 19
    May 19
    Jun 19
    Jul 19
    Aug 19
    Sep 19
    Oct 19
    Nov 19
    Dec 19
    Jan 20
    Feb 20
    Mar 20
    Apr 20
    May 20
    #32774 #33748 #35479
    #35663
    #36023
    #36039
    #36237 *d83ab
    #36824
    #37223
    #37242
    #37291
    #37230
    #37365
    *48d58
    *0a353
    Rails Tasks
    #38770
    

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57. rails db:create
    rails db:drop
    rails db:migrate
    rails db:reset
    rails db:abort_if_pending_migrations
    rails db:migrate:status
    rails db:structure:dump
    rails db:schema:cache:dump
    

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58. task migrate: :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env
    ).each do |db_config|
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    end
    db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    

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59. task migrate: :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env
    ).each do |db_config|
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    end
    db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    

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60. task migrate: :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env
    ).each do |db_config|
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    end
    db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    

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61. task migrate: :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env
    ).each do |db_config|
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    end
    db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    

    View Slide

62. task migrate: :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env
    ).each do |db_config|
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    end
    db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    

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63. rails db:create:primary
    rails db:create:meals_default
    rails db:create:meals_one
    rails db:create:meals_two
    rails db:drop:primary
    rails db:drop:meals_default
    rails db:drop:meals_one
    rails db:drop:meals_two
    rails db:migrate:primary
    rails db:drop:meals_default
    rails db:migrate:meals_one
    rails db:migrate:meals_two
    

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64. namespace :migrate do
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |name|
    desc "Migrate #{name} database for current environment"
    task name => :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: Rails.env, name: name
    )
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    db_namespace["_dump:#{name}"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    end
    end
    

    View Slide

65. namespace :migrate do
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |name|
    desc "Migrate #{name} database for current environment"
    task name => :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: Rails.env, name: name
    )
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    db_namespace["_dump:#{name}"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    end
    end
    

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66. def load_database_yaml
    if path = paths["config/database"].existent.first
    require "rails/application/dummy_erb_compiler"
    yaml = Pathname.new(path)
    erb = DummyERB.new(yaml.read)
    YAML.load(erb.result) || {}
    else
    {}
    end
    end
    

    View Slide

67. class DummyERB < ERB # :nodoc:
    def make_compiler(trim_mode)
    DummyCompiler.new trim_mode
    end
    end
    class DummyCompiler < ERB::Compiler # :nodoc:
    def compile_content(stag, out)
    if stag == "<%="
    out.push "_erbout << ''"
    end
    end
    end
    

    View Slide

68. namespace :migrate do
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |name|
    desc "Migrate #{name} database for current environment"
    task name => :load_config do
    original_db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(
    env_name: Rails.env, name: name
    )
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    db_namespace["_dump:#{name}"].invoke
    ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_db_config)
    end
    end
    end
    

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69. Jan 18
    Feb 18
    Mar 18
    Apr 18
    May 18
    Jun 18
    Jul 18
    Aug 18
    Sep 18
    Oct 18
    Nov 18
    Dec 18
    Jan 19
    Feb 19
    Mar 19
    Apr 19
    May 19
    Jun 19
    Jul 19
    Aug 19
    Sep 19
    Oct 19
    Nov 19
    Dec 19
    Jan 20
    Feb 20
    Mar 20
    Apr 20
    May 20
    Connection APIs
    #33877
    #34052
    #34505
    #34054
    #34491
    #34632
    #34753
    #35042
    #35123
    #35089
    #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
    #37199
    #37503
    #37296
    #37408
    #37622
    #37874
    #38258
    #38339
    #39190
    #38531
    #38580
    #38581
    #38672
    

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70. connects_to API
    

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71. initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    self.connection_handlers = {
    writing_role => ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler
    }
    self.configurations =
    Rails.application.config.database_configuration
    establish_connection
    end
    end
    

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72. class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to database: {
    writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica
    }
    end
    

    View Slide

73. class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to database: {
    writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica
    }
    end
    Role
    

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74. class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to database: {
    writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica
    }
    end
    Name
    

    View Slide

75. class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to database: {
    writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica
    }
    end
    

    View Slide

76. class MealApplicationRecord < ApplicationRecord
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to shards: {
    default: {
    writing: :meals_default, reading: :meals_default_replica
    },
    shard_one: {
    writing: :meals_one, reading: :meals_one_replica
    }
    shard_two: {
    writing: :meals_two, reading: :meals_two_replica
    }
    }
    end
    

    View Slide

77. class MealApplicationRecord < ApplicationRecord
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to shards: {
    default: {
    writing: :meals_default, reading: :meals_default_replica
    },
    shard_one: {
    writing: :meals_one, reading: :meals_one_replica
    }
    shard_two: {
    writing: :meals_two, reading: :meals_two_replica
    }
    }
    end
    Shard key
    

    View Slide

78. class MealApplicationRecord < ApplicationRecord
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to shards: {
    default: {
    writing: :meals_default, reading: :meals_default_replica
    },
    shard_one: {
    writing: :meals_one, reading: :meals_one_replica
    }
    shard_two: {
    writing: :meals_two, reading: :meals_two_replica
    }
    }
    end
    Role
    

    View Slide

79. class MealApplicationRecord < ApplicationRecord
    self.abstract_class = true
    connects_to shards: {
    default: {
    writing: :meals_default, reading: :meals_default_replica
    },
    shard_one: {
    writing: :meals_one, reading: :meals_one_replica
    }
    shard_two: {
    writing: :meals_two, reading: :meals_two_replica
    }
    }
    end
    Name
    

    View Slide

80. connected_to API
    

    View Slide

81. ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
    User.first
    DinnerRecipe.first
    end
    

    View Slide

82. ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
    DinnerRecipe.create! # boom
    end
    => ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError
    

    View Slide

83. ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing, prevent_writes: true) do
    DinnerRecipe.create! # boom
    end
    => ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError
    

    View Slide

84. ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(shard: :shard_two) do
    DinnerRecipe.create!
    end
    

    View Slide

85. ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(
    shard: :shard_two, role: :reading
    ) do
    DinnerRecipe.create!
    end
    

    View Slide

86. :writing
    

    View Slide

87. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    

    View Slide

88. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    PoolConfig
    

    View Slide

89. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    conn_spec_name
    PoolConfig
    

    View Slide

90. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    conn_spec_name
    db_config
    PoolConfig
    

    View Slide

91. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    conn_spec_name
    db_config
    schema_cache
    PoolConfig
    

    View Slide

92. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    conn_spec_name
    db_config
    schema_cache
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

93. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

94. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    :writing
    MealApplicationR...
    :reading
    ActiveRecord::Base
    PoolConfig
    MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool ConnectionPool
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

95. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

96. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    PoolConfig
    MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool ConnectionPool
    MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

97. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base MealApplicationR... MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    MealApplicationR...
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    

    View Slide

98. :writing
    ActiveRecord::Base
    Pool Config
    Connection Pool
    :default
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    ActiveRecord::Base
    

    View Slide

99. :writing
    :default
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    :shard_one
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    :shard_two
    PoolConfig
    ConnectionPool
    MealApplicationBase
    ActiveRecord::Base
    Pool Config
    Connection Pool
    :default
    PoolConfig
    ActiveRecord::Base
    ConnectionPool
    

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100. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     Automatic connection
     swapping
     

     View Slide

101. Rails.application.configure do
     config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
     config.active_record.database_resolver =
     ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
     config.active_record.database_resolver_context =
     ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
     end
     

     View Slide

102. class DatabaseSelector
     def initialize(app, resolver_klass = nil,
     context_klass = nil, options = {})
     @app = app
     @resolver_klass = resolver_klass || Resolver
     @context_klass = context_klass || Resolver::Session
     @options = options
     end
     ...
     end
     

     View Slide

103. class DatabaseSelector
     def call(env)
     request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
     select_database(request) do
     @app.call(env)
     end
     end
     ...
     end
     

     View Slide

104. class DatabaseSelector
     def select_database(request, &blk)
     context = context_klass.call(request)
     resolver = resolver_klass.call(context, options)
     response = if reading_request?(request)
     resolver.read(&blk)
     else
     resolver.write(&blk)
     end
     resolver.update_context(response)
     response
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

105. class DatabaseSelector
     def select_database(request, &blk)
     context = context_klass.call(request)
     resolver = resolver_klass.call(context, options)
     response = if reading_request?(request)
     resolver.read(&blk)
     else
     resolver.write(&blk)
     end
     resolver.update_context(response)
     response
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

106. class Resolver # :nodoc:
     ...
     def read(&blk)
     if read_from_primary?
     read_from_primary(&blk)
     else
     read_from_replica(&blk)
     end
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

107. class Resolver
     ...
     def read_from_primary?
     !time_since_last_write_ok?
     end
     def time_since_last_write_ok?
     Time.now - context.last_write_timestamp >= delay
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

108. class Resolver
     ...
     def read_from_primary(&blk)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(
     role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role,
     prevent_writes: true
     ) do
     instrumenter.instrument("database_selector") do
     yield
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

109. class Resolver
     ...
     def read_from_replica(&blk)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(
     role: ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role,
     prevent_writes: true
     ) do
     instrumenter.instrument("database_selector") do
     yield
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

110. class Resolver
     ...
     def write_to_primary(&blk)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(
     role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role,
     prevent_writes: false
     ) do
     instrumenter.instrument("database_selector") do
     yield
     ensure
     context.update_last_write_timestamp
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

111. class Resolver
     class Cookie
     def self.call(request)
     new(request.cookies)
     end
     def initialize(cookies)
     @cookies = cookies
     end
     def update_last_write_timestamp
     @cookies[:last_write] =
     self.class.convert_time_to_timestamp(Time.now)
     end
     end
     end
     

     View Slide

112. Rails.application.configure do
     config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
     config.active_record.database_resolver =
     ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
     config.active_record.database_resolver_context =
     ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Cookies
     end
     

     View Slide

113. Thank You
     ❤
     

     View Slide

114. @tenderlove
     @seejohnrun
     

     View Slide

115. And all of you
     

     View Slide

116. Extracting
     to Upstream
     a
     

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117. View Slide

118. View Slide

119. Migrations didn’t run,
     

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120. Migrations didn’t run,
     configurations were broken,
     

     View Slide

121. Rails
     tasks didn’t work correctly,
     Migrations didn’t run,
     configurations were broken,
     

     View Slide

122. Migrations didn’t run,
     configurations were broken, Rails
     tasks didn’t work correctly, no
     way for models to establish
     multiple connections,
     

     View Slide

123. no
     API or pattern for auto-switching
     connections...
     Migrations didn’t run,
     configurations were broken, Rails
     tasks didn’t work correctly, no
     way for models to establish
     multiple connections,
     

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124. View Slide

125. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #38684
     

     View Slide

126. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #38670
     #38920
     #38684
     

     View Slide

127. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #38770
     #38684
     #38670
     #38920
     

     View Slide

128. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #38581
     #38672
     #38684
     #38670
     #38920
     #38770
     

     View Slide

129. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     #38684
     #38670
     #38920
     #38770
     #38581
     #38672
     

     View Slide

130. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #38581
     #38672
     #38670
     #38920
     #38684
     #38770
     Public APIs /
     User Experience
     

     View Slide

131. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #38581
     #38672
     #38670
     #38920
     #38684
     #38770
     Private APIs /
     Internals
     

     View Slide

132. Rails already has
     a strong foundation
     

     View Slide

133. Don't build for perfect,
     imaginary cases
     

     View Slide

134. We built Rails
     for you
     

     View Slide

135. We optimize for
     your happiness
     

     View Slide

136. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #38581
     #38672
     #38670
     #38920
     #38684
     #38770
     

     View Slide

137. Technically,
     a Talk
     

     View Slide

138. But actually,
     a love letter
     

     View Slide

139. Jan 18
     Feb 18
     Mar 18
     Apr 18
     May 18
     Jun 18
     Jul 18
     Aug 18
     Sep 18
     Oct 18
     Nov 18
     Dec 18
     Jan 19
     Feb 19
     Mar 19
     Apr 19
     May 19
     Jun 19
     Jul 19
     Aug 19
     Sep 19
     Oct 19
     Nov 19
     Dec 19
     Jan 20
     Feb 20
     Mar 20
     Apr 20
     May 20
     #31727
     #33760 #36439
     #36371
     #36886 #38235
     #38444
     #32075
     #32271
     #32396
     #32274
     #33637
     #33770
     #34495 #34969
     #35102
     #35242
     #36560
     #36565
     #36756
     #36770
     #36814
     #37185
     #37182
     #37231
     #37276
     #37277
     #37279
     #37280
     #37695
     #37873
     #37963
     #38008
     #38004
     #34495
     #38536
     #38609
     #32774 #33748 #35479
     #35663
     #36023
     #36039
     #36237 *d83ab
     #36824
     #37223
     #37242
     #37291
     #37230
     #37365
     *48d58
     *0a353
     #35073
     #35130
     #35237
     #36469 #36834
     #36868
     #38042
     #37298
     #37364
     #37368
     #37443
     #38011
     #37280
     #38209
     #33877
     #34052
     #34505
     #34054
     #34491
     #34632
     #34753
     #35042
     #35123
     #35089
     #35899 #36394 #37065 #37180
     #37199
     #37503
     #37296
     #37408
     #37622
     #37874
     #38258
     #38339
     #39190
     #38531
     #38580
     #38581
     #38672
     #38670
     #38920
     #38684
     #38770
     ❤
     

     View Slide